{"id":7570,"date":"2025-09-04T14:51:01","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T12:51:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qilimanjaro.tech\/?p=7570"},"modified":"2026-04-13T12:14:52","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T10:14:52","slug":"fluxonium-qubits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/qilimanjaro.tech\/ca\/fluxonium-qubits\/","title":{"rendered":"Fluxonium: el qubit darrere dels ordinadors qu\u00e0ntics de Qilimanjaro"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A Qilimanjaro, som un empresa d'inform\u00e0tica qu\u00e0ntica full-stack<\/span>. Aix\u00f2 significa que treballem en totes les capes de la tecnologia: des del disseny i la calibraci\u00f3 del xip qu\u00e0ntic, fins a la construcci\u00f3 del programari i els sistemes de control que connecten el maquinari amb els usuaris, passant pel desenvolupament de la teoria i els alg Unitat de processament qu\u00e0ntic (QPU)<\/span>.<\/p>

Hi ha diverses maneres d'implementar una QPU, amb els principals enfocaments basats en circuits superconductors, ions atrapats, \u00e0toms neutres,<\/strong> i fot\u00f2nica<\/strong>. El nostre enfocament s\u00f3n els circuits superconductors, i dins d'aquesta plataforma ens especialitzem en un tipus de qubit particularment potent: el fluxoni<\/strong>.<\/p>

En aquesta entrada del bloc, aprofundirem en els detalls del que fa \u00fanic el qubit fluxonium i per qu\u00e8 es troba al centre de la nostra tecnologia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Un qubit \u00e9s la unitat fonamental d'informaci\u00f3 en la inform\u00e0tica qu\u00e0ntica. A difer\u00e8ncia d'un bit cl\u00e0ssic, que nom\u00e9s pot ser 0 o 1, un qubit pot estar en una superposici\u00f3 dels dos estats, 0 i 1, alhora. Aix\u00f2 significa que un qubit pot representar molta m\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 que un bit cl\u00e0ssic.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Per\u00f2 primer, qu\u00e8 \u00e9s un qubit? Un bit qu\u00e0ntic \u00e9s la nostra manera de codificar la informaci\u00f3 en un ordinador qu\u00e0ntic. Un qubit \u00e9s un sistema qu\u00e0ntic que pot existir en aquests dos estats, normalment denotats com a |0\u27e9 i |1\u27e9. A difer\u00e8ncia d'un bit cl\u00e0ssic, que nom\u00e9s pot estar en un estat alhora, un qubit tamb\u00e9 pot estar en una superposici\u00f3 d'ambd\u00f3s estats, el que significa que t\u00e9 una probabilitat de ser |0\u27e9 i una probabilitat de ser |1\u27e9. Aix\u00f2 permet que un qubit emmagatzemi m\u00e9s informaci\u00f3 que un bit cl\u00e0ssic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Els qubits tenen una certa probabilitat \u03b1\u00b2 <\/span>estar en l'estat |0\u232a<\/span>i una certa probabilitat, \u03b2\u00b2<\/span> estar en l'estat |1\u232a<\/span>Aquesta superposici\u00f3 d'estats nom\u00e9s \u00e9s realitzable dins de la mec\u00e0nica qu\u00e0ntica.\u00b2<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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No obstant aix\u00f2, per poder mantenir aquesta superposici\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica, necessitem evitar la decoher\u00e8ncia del sistema. La decoher\u00e8ncia \u00e9s el proc\u00e9s pel qual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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La interacci\u00f3 d'aquest qubit amb l'entorn fa que l'estat col\u00b7lapsi a |0\u232a o |1\u232a<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Com fem un quibit?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Per construir un qubit \u00fatil, necessitem un sistema que es comporti com un \u00e0tom de dos nivells<\/span>. Els \u00e0toms reals s\u00f3n bons models perqu\u00e8 els seus nivells d'energia no estan espaiats equitativament: el salt de |0\u27e9 \u2192 |1\u27e9 requereix una energia diferent que el salt de |1\u27e9 \u2192 |2\u27e9 . Aquest espaiat desigual, anomenat anharmonicitat<\/span><\/strong>, ens permet a\u00efllar i controlar nom\u00e9s els dos estats m\u00e9s baixos, |0\u27e9 \u2192 |1\u27e9 , sense excitar involunt\u00e0riament estats superiors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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En aquest diagrama mostrem la distribuci\u00f3 t\u00edpica dels estats d'un \u00e0tom. Podem veure que la separaci\u00f3 energ\u00e8tica entre els estats \u00e9s diferent, \u00e9s a dir, E01<\/span>, L'energia que una part\u00edcula necessita per passar de l'estat |0\u27e9 o |1\u27e9 \u00e9s diferent de \u039512<\/span>, l'energia requerida perqu\u00e8 una part\u00edcula salti de l'estat |1\u232a o |2\u232a<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Aquesta propietat \u00e9s la que fa possible el control coherent. Enviat un pols de microones amb la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia correcta, \u03c901, podem excitar selectivament el qubit de |0\u232a\u2192 |1\u232a<\/p>

El nostre proper repte \u00e9s recrear aquest comportament utilitzant circuits<\/strong>. Podem dissenyar un sistema el\u00e8ctric amb nivells d'energia distribu\u00efts com els d'un \u00e0tom? \u00c9s a dir, podem construir un \u00e0tom electr\u00f2nic<\/em>?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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L'oscil\u00b7lador LC<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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El circuit m\u00e9s senzill que podem construir amb components b\u00e0sics \u00e9s un Oscil\u00b7lador LC<\/strong>, que consta d'un inductor (L) i un condensador (C) connectats en paral\u00b7lel. L'energia total d'aquest circuit \u2014o el seu Hamiltoni\u00e0, en llenguatge f\u00edsic\u2014 t\u00e9 dues parts:<\/p>

  1. El primer terme prov\u00e9 de la c\u00e0rrega emmagatzemada al condensador.<\/li>
  2. El segon terme est\u00e0 relacionat amb el flux (\u03c6) a trav\u00e9s de l'inductor.<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Per veure si aquest circuit podria funcionar com a qubit, ens fixem en el seu espectre energ\u00e8tic<\/strong>, que ens explica com s'ordenen els possibles nivells d'energia. Despr\u00e9s de diagonalitzar l'Hamiltoni\u00e0, trobem que l'oscil\u00b7lador LC es comporta com un oscil\u00b7lador harm\u00f2nic<\/strong> els seus nivells d'energia s\u00f3n separats uniformement.<\/strong> Aix\u00f2 significa que la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de transici\u00f3, \u03c901, \u00e9s exactament la mateixa per a |0\u232a\u2192 |1\u232a, |1\u232a\u2192 |2\u232a, |2\u232a\u2192 |3\u232a i aix\u00ed successivament.<\/p>

    Com a resultat, si enviem un pols de microones a la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia \u03c901, podem excitar el qubit de |0\u232a\u2192 |1\u232a. Per\u00f2 el mateix pols tamb\u00e9 impulsa transicions superiors \u2013 |1\u232a\u2192 |2\u232a, |2\u232a\u2192 |3\u232a etc. En lloc d'a\u00efllar un sistema de dos nivells, creem un estat coherent<\/strong>una superposici\u00f3 que implica molts nivells alhora.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Espectre d'energia de l'oscil\u00b7lador LC. <\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    \u00c9s per aix\u00f2 que l'oscil\u00b7lador LC no pot servir com a qubit. A difer\u00e8ncia dels \u00e0toms, els nivells energ\u00e8tics dels quals s\u00f3n no uniformement espaiats, <\/span>l'oscil\u00b7lador LC \u00e9s massa sim\u00e8tric. Per fer un qubit real, hem d'introduir No linealitat<\/span> al circuit de manera que nom\u00e9s els dos estats m\u00e9s baixos es puguin controlar selectivament<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Circuit amb induct\u00e0ncia no lineal<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Per trencar l'espaiat uniforme de l'oscil\u00b7lador LC, hem d'introduir No linealitat<\/span><\/strong>. Aix\u00f2 s'aconsegueix amb un Junci\u00f3 Josephson (JJ)<\/span><\/strong>. Una uni\u00f3 Josephson \u00e9s essencialment una entrep\u00e0 superconductor-a\u00efllant-superconductor<\/span>: dos cables superconductors separats per una barrera a\u00efllant molt fina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Diagrama esquem\u00e0tic d'una Junci\u00f3 Josephson.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Tot i que la barrera \u00e9s un a\u00efllant, el corrent encara hi pot circular gr\u00e0cies a barrellet qu\u00e0ntic <\/span><\/strong>\u2014 un efecte purament qu\u00e0ntic. Josephson va demostrar que el corrent que flueix a trav\u00e9s de la uni\u00f3 es relaciona amb el flux magn\u00e8tic \u03c6 d'una manera sinuso\u00efdal:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    on \u00e9s el corrent cr\u00edtic i \u00e9s el qu\u00e0ntum de flux.<\/p>

    Aquesta relaci\u00f3 ens diu una cosa important: la uni\u00f3 Josephson es comporta com un inductor<\/span>, per\u00f2 no una d'anormal. En un inductor normal, el corrent i el flux estan relacionats per un constant simple, 1\/L. En un JJ, la relaci\u00f3 dep\u00e8n del propi flux, fent-lo no lineal<\/span><\/strong>. Si calculem la induct\u00e0ncia efectiva derivant el corrent respecte de (*amb relaci\u00f3 a*) el flux, trobem que varia com:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Comparaci\u00f3 d'una induct\u00e0ncia amb una uni\u00f3 Josephson.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Per qu\u00e8 \u00e9s important?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    potential that is periodic in flux. potencial en forma de cosinus<\/strong>.<\/p>

    Qu\u00e8 significa aix\u00f2 per a l'espectre d'energia? En un potencial parab\u00f2lic, els nivells d'energia estan espaiats uniformement, per aix\u00f2 l'oscil\u00b7lador LC falla com a qubit. Per\u00f2 en un potencial cosinus, els pous s\u00f3n finits i peri\u00f2dics. Segons la mec\u00e0nica qu\u00e0ntica, quan una part\u00edcula est\u00e0 confinada en un potencial aix\u00ed, els nivells d'energia han de reajustar<\/strong> \u2014 ja no estan uniformement separats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    El qubit Transmon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Si ens centrem en un d'aquests pous cosinus, trobem que els primers nivells d'energia tenen separacions diferents. Aix\u00f2 proporciona exactament la propietat que volem: un espectre anarm\u00f2nic<\/strong>. Els dos estats inferiors, |0\u27e9 \u2192 |1\u27e9, estan prou a\u00efllats com per poder excitar selectivament les transicions entre ells amb microones, sense filtrar f\u00e0cilment cap a nivells superiors.<\/p>

    El circuit format per un condensador i una Junci\u00f3 de Josephson<\/strong> es coneix com el qubit transmon<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"transmon\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Espectre energ\u00e8tic del qubit transmon.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    El Fluxonium Qubit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    El qubit fluxonium es basa en el transmon, afegint-hi un gran superinduct\u00e0ncia<\/span> (un inductor de molt alta induct\u00e0ncia) en paral\u00b7lel amb la uni\u00f3 Josephson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Arquitectura del Fluxonium<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Aquest \u201cshunt\u201d inductiu modifica el potencial: en lloc d'un simple pou cosinus, ara tenim un potencial cosinus confinat dins un potencial parab\u00f2lic<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    El resultat \u00e9s el <\/span>espectre energ\u00e8tic del fluxoni<\/span><\/strong>, tal com es mostra a la figura seg\u00fcent.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"fluxonium2\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Espectre energ\u00e8tic dels fluxons.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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    Per qu\u00e8 Flux\u00f2niums?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    En els qubits superconductors, una soroll diel\u00e8ctric<\/strong>\u2014dipols el\u00e8ctrics min\u00fasculs i fluctuants en materials i interf\u00edcies que absorbeixen energia del camp el\u00e8ctric del qubit. Aquesta p\u00e8rdua t\u00edpicament creix amb la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia<\/strong>. Els flux\u00f2nium solen tenir una transici\u00f3 |0\u232a\u2192 |1\u232a al voltant 0,1\u20131 GHz<\/strong>, mentre els transmons s\u00f3n t\u00edpicament 4-5 GHz<\/strong>. Operar a les freq\u00fc\u00e8ncies m\u00e9s baixes del fluxoni, per tant redueix el soroll diel\u00e8ctric<\/strong> i ajuda a preservar la coher\u00e8ncia.<\/p>

    A m\u00e9s, els fluxoniums s\u00f3n m\u00e9s anharm\u00f2nic<\/strong> que els transmons: la separaci\u00f3 entre |0\u232a\u2192 |1\u232a i |1\u232a\u2192 |2\u232a \u00e9s m\u00e9s gran. Aquesta separaci\u00f3 addicional ens permet aplicar m\u00e9s curt<\/strong> (m\u00e9s fort\/r\u00e0pid)<\/strong> controlar impulsos sense conduir accidentalment el qubit a l'estat |1\u232a\u2192 |2\u232a.<\/p>

    Ditgeixit aix\u00ed, polsos m\u00e9s curts repartits en m\u00e9s freq\u00fc\u00e8ncies<\/strong>. Com que els nivells del fluxoni estan m\u00e9s separats, aquesta dispersi\u00f3 evita transicions no desitjades, de manera que la fuita \u00e9s molt menys probable, fins i tot quan excitem el qubit amb polsos r\u00e0pids!<\/p>

    I un altre avantatge: Els flux\u00f2nims s\u00f3n una opci\u00f3 natural per a la computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica anal\u00f2gica.<\/strong>\u2014una hist\u00f2ria per a una altra publicaci\u00f3!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    At Qilimanjaro, we are a full-stack quantum computing company. This means we work across every layer of the technology: from designing and calibrating the quantum chip, to building the software and control systems that connect the hardware with users, all the way to developing the theory and algorithms that run on our devices. At the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7710,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science"],"yoast_head":"\nRevolutionizing Smart Cities through Advanced Optimization<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore how quantum computing is driving sustainable innovation and reducing energy consumption for future computing challenges.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/qilimanjaro.tech\/ca\/fluxonium-qubits\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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