{"id":6094,"date":"2024-10-16T15:50:34","date_gmt":"2024-10-16T13:50:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qilimanjaro.tech\/?p=6094"},"modified":"2026-02-17T12:49:07","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T11:49:07","slug":"quantum-computing-pioneering-a-sustainable-path-for-future-computing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/qilimanjaro.tech\/ca\/quantum-computing-pioneering-a-sustainable-path-for-future-computing\/","title":{"rendered":"Computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica: Pioneres d'un cam\u00ed sostenible per a la computaci\u00f3 futura"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La inform\u00e0tica moderna ha transformat gaireb\u00e9 tots els aspectes de la vida moderna, des d'impulsar aven\u00e7os en la sanitat i les finances fins a expandir la nostra comprensi\u00f3 de l'univers. A mesura que creix la nostra depend\u00e8ncia de la intel\u00b7lig\u00e8ncia artificial (IA) i la necessitat de resoldre problemes m\u00e9s complexos, tamb\u00e9 ho fa la demanda de pot\u00e8ncia computacional. Aquest aven\u00e7 ha comportat un augment significatiu del consum d'energia i de l'impacte mediambiental, plantejant serioses preocupacions per al futur de la inform\u00e0tica.<\/span><\/p>

Hist\u00f2ricament, el creixement de la pot\u00e8ncia de c\u00e0lcul va seguir la Llei de Moore, que preveia que el nombre de transistors en un xip es duplicaria aproximadament cada dos anys, impulsant millores cont\u00ednues en el processament. Tanmateix, a mesura que ens apropem als l\u00edmits f\u00edsics de la miniaturitzaci\u00f3 dels transistors, els efectes qu\u00e0ntics com el soroll i la interfer\u00e8ncia comencen a afectar el rendiment dels xips tradicionals basats en silici.<\/span>. (1)<\/span><\/p>

Una alternativa a aquest repte ha estat construir ordinadors m\u00e9s grans i potents. No obstant aix\u00f2, els superordinadors i els centres de dades tenen limitacions de mida, cost i sostenibilitat. Per exemple, el Summit d'IBM consumeix 15 megawatts en el seu \u00fas m\u00e0xim, prou per alimentar m\u00e9s de 7.000 llars.<\/span>. (2) Aquest consum d'energia no \u00e9s escalable, especialment tenint en compte que es preveu que les demandes d'energia dels centres de dades es tripliquin de cara al 2030, consumint fins a 121 TWh d'electricitat dels EUA i requerint 1,45 T500 mil milions en infraestructures<\/span>. (3) A m\u00e9s, les millores en l'efici\u00e8ncia de la CPU s'estan alentint, cosa que refor\u00e7a la necessitat urgent de paradigms de computaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s eficients energ\u00e8ticament.<\/span><\/p>

En aquest moment cr\u00edtic, a Qilimanjaro creiem que la computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica \u00e9s la tecnologia revolucion\u00e0ria necess\u00e0ria per impulsar la propera era de la computaci\u00f3. Tal com va suggerir Richard Feynman, aprofitant principis de la mec\u00e0nica qu\u00e0ntica com la superposici\u00f3, l'efecte t\u00fanel i l'entrella\u00e7ament, podem alliberar una pot\u00e8ncia computacional sense precedents. Aquest canvi cap a la computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica ofereix no nom\u00e9s el potencial d'accelerar els aven\u00e7os tecnol\u00f2gics, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 un enfocament m\u00e9s sostenible reduint el consum d'energia i mitigant l'impacte ambiental.<\/span><\/p>

Crisi del consum energ\u00e8tic en inform\u00e0tica d'alt rendiment<\/span><\/h2>

El creixement exponencial de la pot\u00e8ncia de c\u00e0lcul ha estat acompanyat per un augment igualment dram\u00e0tic del consum d'energia. Prenguem com a exemple Frontier, el superordinador m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid del m\u00f3n, que consumeix al voltant de 504 megawatts-hora (MWh) per dia. L'entrenament de models d'IA tamb\u00e9 requereix recursos substancials, amb sistemes de refrigeraci\u00f3 per a GPUs que nom\u00e9s consumeixen megawatts d'energia i volums significatius d'aigua.<\/span><\/p>

A mesura que els requisits energ\u00e8tics d'aquests sistemes s'escalen, veiem l'adopci\u00f3 de models de computaci\u00f3 h\u00edbrida que integren unitats de processament qu\u00e0ntic (QPU) com a cam\u00ed cap a una major efici\u00e8ncia. En fer-ho, podem mitigar alguns dels costos mediambientals i econ\u00f2mics associats a la computaci\u00f3 tradicional d'alt rendiment.<\/span><\/p>

Computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica: un cam\u00ed cap a la innovaci\u00f3 sostenible<\/span><\/h2>

La computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica est\u00e0 progressant a trav\u00e9s del desenvolupament de dispositius NISQ (Near Intermediate Scale Quantum), que s\u00f3n els primers prototips d'ordinadors qu\u00e0ntics disponibles avui dia. Tot i que aquests sistemes encara tenen una escala limitada i s\u00f3n propensos a errors, tenen un potencial immens per resoldre problemes complexos consumint molta menys energia. M\u00e8triques de rendiment com el Quantum Volume d'IBM i el Cross-Entropy Benchmarking de Google se centren en la pot\u00e8ncia computacional d'aquests dispositius, ignorant sovint l'efici\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica. No obstant aix\u00f2, aquesta m\u00e8trica \u00e9s imperativa, ja que determina directament el cost, un dels principals factors a tenir en compte en termes pr\u00e0ctics i en la implementaci\u00f3 d'aquests sistemes a nivell industrial.<\/span><\/p>

Malgrat les seves limitacions actuals, els dispositius NISQ poden reduir dr\u00e0sticament el consum d'energia i les emissions de carboni en comparaci\u00f3 amb els ordinadors cl\u00e0ssics. Els nostres sistemes qu\u00e0ntics, per exemple, consumeixen uns 18 kW, ordres de magnitud menys que els superordinadors com el Summit d'IBM. Tot i que la criogenia necess\u00e0ria per mantenir els sistemes qu\u00e0ntics consumeix una quantitat notable d'energia, el consum energ\u00e8tic global dels ordinadors qu\u00e0ntics continua sent significativament inferior en comparaci\u00f3 amb els superordinadors tradicionals. A m\u00e9s, l'execuci\u00f3 d'aquests sistemes introdueix una sobrec\u00e0rrega m\u00ednima en termes d'energia, i la seva escalabilitat \u00e9s molt m\u00e9s eficient. En canvi, les demandes energ\u00e8tiques dels superordinadors augmenten entre un 20 i un 40 % anualment, la qual cosa fa que els sistemes qu\u00e0ntics siguin una soluci\u00f3 molt m\u00e9s sostenible a mesura que augmenten les seves capacitats.<\/span><\/p>

Benchmarking de l'Avantatge Energ\u00e8tic: El nostre enfocament<\/span><\/h2>

Liderem l'esfor\u00e7 per avaluar el consum energ\u00e8tic dels sistemes qu\u00e0ntics mitjan\u00e7ant an\u00e0lisis pr\u00e0ctiques a gran escala. A difer\u00e8ncia de molts estudis que se centren en processos qu\u00e0ntics microsc\u00f2pics, comparem l'\u00fas energ\u00e8tic i les emissions de CO2 dels nostres processadors qu\u00e0ntics amb superordinadors tradicionals com el Summit d'IBM. Aquest enfocament comparatiu proporciona informaci\u00f3 valuosa sobre els beneficis mediambientals de la computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica.<\/span><\/p>

Hem desenvolupat una configuraci\u00f3 integral que rastreja el consum d'energia de tots els components dels nostres sistemes qu\u00e0ntics. La nostra arquitectura recopila i publica dades en directe, oferint als usuaris acc\u00e9s a m\u00e8triques de consum energ\u00e8tic en temps real. Les proves inicials mostren que la durada de l'algoritme, m\u00e9s que els polsos de control o la modulaci\u00f3, \u00e9s el factor principal que influeix en l'\u00fas energ\u00e8tic.<\/span><\/p>

Per exemple, quan estan inactius, els nostres sistemes qu\u00e0ntics consumeixen uns 432 kWh per dia, 1.000 vegades menys energia que superordinadors com Summit. Aquesta difer\u00e8ncia es fa encara m\u00e9s evident quan es consideren aplicacions com la simulaci\u00f3 de sistemes qu\u00e0ntics. Amb l'estudi de Google, es va demostrar que el mostreig d'un sistema qu\u00e0ntic a Summit consumia set ordres de magnitud m\u00e9s energia que els processadors qu\u00e0ntics (4)<\/span>. Preveiem que, a mesura que avanci la tecnologia de refrigeraci\u00f3 criog\u00e8nica, aquestes demandes d'energia disminueixin encara m\u00e9s. Hem estimat que resoldre un problema en un dels nostres dispositius qu\u00e0ntics anal\u00f2gics costaria nom\u00e9s $0.0016 d'energia, en contrast amb $3,466.73 per a la mateixa tasca a Summit, amb una reducci\u00f3 de CO2 corresponent d'aproximadament 51 tones m\u00e8triques.<\/span><\/p>

Processament Qu\u00e0ntic Anal\u00f2gic vs. Digital: Efici\u00e8ncia Energ\u00e8tica<\/span><\/h2>

Un dels aspectes m\u00e9s convincents de la computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica s\u00f3n les difer\u00e8ncies en l'efici\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica entre els sistemes qu\u00e0ntics anal\u00f2gics i digitals. Els dispositius qu\u00e0ntics anal\u00f2gics s\u00f3n particularment efectius per resoldre problemes d'optimitzaci\u00f3 combinat\u00f2ria, com la planificaci\u00f3 d'horaris o l'enrutament de vehicles, que s\u00f3n crucials per a ind\u00fastries com la log\u00edstica. Aquests dispositius codifiquen directament els problemes en els seus estats qu\u00e0ntics, utilitzant l'escalfament qu\u00e0ntic per arribar a solucions amb un \u00fas m\u00ednim d'energia.<\/span><\/p>

En canvi, els sistemes qu\u00e0ntics digitals sovint requereixen m\u00e9s recursos, incloent qubits de correcci\u00f3 d'errors i c\u00e0lcul cl\u00e0ssic addicional. Els Algorismes Qu\u00e0ntics Variacionals (VQA), un enfocament com\u00fa per als dispositius NISQ, es basen en bucles d'optimitzaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntico-cl\u00e0ssics h\u00edbrids, que poden augmentar tant el temps com l'energia necessaris per arribar a una soluci\u00f3 (5). Tot i que aquests sistemes digitals s\u00f3n prometedors per a aplicacions m\u00e9s avan\u00e7ades, consumeixen m\u00e9s energia que els seus hom\u00f2legs anal\u00f2gics <\/span>contrapartides.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Quantum\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Els nostres processadors qu\u00e0ntics anal\u00f2gics demostren un clar avantatge energ\u00e8tic en la resoluci\u00f3 de problemes d'optimitzaci\u00f3. Les estimacions centrades en aquests tipus espec\u00edfics de problemes suggereixen que els sistemes anal\u00f2gics poden executar solucions fins a set ordres de magnitud m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid que els ordinadors qu\u00e0ntics digitals (6), la qual cosa comporta reduccions significatives tant en el consum energ\u00e8tic com en els costos operatius.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

El Futur de la Computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica sostenible<\/span><\/h2>

A mesura que l'arquitectura cl\u00e0ssica i la qu\u00e0ntica evolucionen, la bretxa entre les seves respectives efici\u00e8ncies energ\u00e8tiques nom\u00e9s s'ampliar\u00e0. Els sistemes qu\u00e0ntics, en particular els nostres dispositius anal\u00f2gics, ofereixen avantatges significatius en el consum d'energia per tasca computacional, proporcionant a les ind\u00fastries una oportunitat per reduir la seva petjada de carboni i els costos operatius.<\/span><\/p>

Tot i que els ordinadors qu\u00e0ntics es troben encara en les seves primeres etapes, especialment amb els dispositius NISQ, el potencial a llarg termini \u00e9s immens. M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de l'era NISQ, \u00e9s probable que les tecnologies qu\u00e0ntiques superin els sistemes cl\u00e0ssics tant en velocitat com en efici\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica, revolucionant sectors des de la IA fins a la log\u00edstica.<\/span><\/p>

Entre aquestes tecnologies, els nostres sistemes qu\u00e0ntics anal\u00f2gics destaquen per les seves aplicacions pr\u00e0ctiques immediates. Amb el potencial d'oferir una millor efici\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica, precisi\u00f3 i velocitat, proporcionen una soluci\u00f3 sostenible i rendible a molts dels reptes computacionals m\u00e9s urgents d'avui.<\/span><\/p>

En el cam\u00ed cap a un futur m\u00e9s sostenible, a Qilimanjaro creiem que la computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica representa una via transformadora per a la innovaci\u00f3, i estem orgullosos de liderar aquesta iniciativa.<\/span><\/p>

\u2013<\/p>

(1) Audrey Woods. <\/span>\u201cLa mort de la Llei de Moore: qu\u00e8 significa i qu\u00e8 podria omplir el buit en el futur\u201d<\/span><\/a>. <\/span>Aliances del MIT CSAIL<\/span><\/i> (2021)<\/span><\/p>

(2) Stephen Shankland.\u201c<\/span>El superordinador Summit de classe mundial d'IBM augmenta la velocitat amb capacitats d'IA<\/span><\/a>\u201d. <\/span>CNET<\/span><\/i> (2018)<\/span><\/p>

(3) Socis de McKinsey. <\/span>\u201cCom els centres de dades i el sector energ\u00e8tic poden satisfer la fam d'energia de la IA\u201d.<\/span><\/a> McKinsey<\/span><\/i> (2024)<\/span><\/p>

(4)\u00a0Arute et al. Supremacia qu\u00e0ntica utilitzant un processador superconductor programable. Nature, 574(7779):505\u2013510, octubre de 2019.<\/span><\/p>

(5) Huan-Yu Liu, Zhao-Yun Chen, Tai-Ping Sun, Cheng Xue, Yu-Chun Wu, i Guo-Ping Guo. Els algorismes qu\u00e0ntics variacionals poden demostrar avantatges qu\u00e0ntics? El temps \u00e9s realment important, 2023.<\/span><\/p>

(6) Salvatore Mandr\u00e0 i Helmut G Katzgraber. Un pas engany\u00f3s cap a la detecci\u00f3 de velocitat qu\u00e0ntica. Quantum Science and Technology, 3(4):04LT01, juliol 2018.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Computaci\u00f3 qu\u00e0ntica: un cam\u00ed cap a la innovaci\u00f3 sostenible<\/span><\/h3>

\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Modern computing has transformed nearly every aspect of modern life, from driving advancements in healthcare and finance to expanding our understanding of the universe. As our reliance on artificial intelligence (AI) and the need to solve more complex problems grow, so does the demand for computational power. This advancement has led to a significant increase […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6670,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6094","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science"],"yoast_head":"\nQuantum Computing: Paving a Sustainable Future<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore how quantum computing is driving sustainable innovation and reducing energy consumption for future computing challenges.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/qilimanjaro.tech\/ca\/quantum-computing-pioneering-a-sustainable-path-for-future-computing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantum Computing: Paving a Sustainable Future\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explore how quantum computing is driving sustainable innovation and reducing energy consumption for future computing challenges.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/qilimanjaro.tech\/ca\/quantum-computing-pioneering-a-sustainable-path-for-future-computing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Qilimanjaro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-16T13:50:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-17T11:49:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/qilimanjaro.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Quantum.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta 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